**Background** Inflammation is a complex biological response involving the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the activation of key signaling pathways, such as NF-κB and ERK1/2. Excessive activation of these pathways…
**Background** Inflammatory diseases, including dermatological conditions, uveitis, and diabetic macular edema, are often characterized by the breakdown of biological barriers and the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the eye, the…
**Background** Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is a critical enzyme in the folate metabolic pathway, responsible for reducing dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate. This process is essential for the synthesis of nucleotides, which are…
**Background** Cancer remains one of the most challenging health crises globally, characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and the ability of malignant cells to evade programmed cell death. Among the various…
The accurate identification and quantification of cancer biomarkers are critical for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment selection in oncology. Traditional methods rely on immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining followed by manual assessment by…