State with the neighboring UAVs and routes the considers the congestion state in the neighboring UAVs and routes the packet to a UAV packet to a UAV that moves closer towards the location and has adequate space in its buffer. that moves closer towards the destination and has adequate space in its buffer. In substantial simulation experiments, LECAR demonstrated a higher packet Cycloaspeptide A Autophagy delivery In substantial simulation experiments, LECAR demonstrated a higher packet delivery ratio (on typical, 27 increase than Spray and Wait) and low energy consumption (on (on ratio (on typical, 27 boost than Spray and Wait) and low power consumption typical, 42 reduce than Spray and Wait) when compared with the considered routing proto typical, 42 lower than Spray and Wait) in comparison to the deemed routing protocols. cols. Additionally, in maximum cases, LECAR could preserve a single copy per packet at a Additionally, in maximum instances, LECAR could retain a single copy per packet at a time time within the network. In addition, it ensured low hop counts for routing a packet (on typical, 34 inside the network. Additionally, it ensured low hop counts for routing a packet (on typical, 34 significantly less significantly less than Spray and Wait). Even though it generated a somewhat large overhead, the number than Spray and Wait). Even though it generated a comparatively substantial overhead, the amount of transmissions per data packet outweighed the extra overhead and resulted in low energy consumption. These benefits reveal that LECAR far better balances packet delivery ratio and energy consumption contemplating a sparsely populated FANET situation. Although LECARSensors 2021, 21,18 ofis developed taking into consideration a certain scenario and mobility model, the essential notion is SJ995973 site usually easily extended and adapted to any other situation or mobility model. In future perform, we program to extend LECAR to considerably lower the overhead even inside a high-density network situation. We additional program to enhance LECAR for minimizing the delay in packet delivery, even for low-density scenarios.Author Contributions: Conceptualization, methodology, software program, validation, formal evaluation, investigation, resources, data curation, writing–original draft preparation, writing–review and editing, and visualization, I.M.; supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition, Y.-Z.C. All authors have read and agreed for the published version from the manuscript. Funding: This research was funded in aspect by the Ministry of Education, 2018R1A6A1A03025109, and was funded by the Korean government, 2019R1A2C1006249. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Acknowledgments: This study was supported in part by the basic Science Investigation Plan through the National Study Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Education (No. NRF-2018R1A6A1A03025109), and by the National Analysis Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (No. NRF-2019R1A2C1006249). Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.AbbreviationsUAV DTN LECAR FANET MANET VANET LADTR AODV ACK Spray and wait LAROD-LoDiS GPSR GPSR-Q LER Math symbols Tpheromone_update T1_hop_update TTL Curr_Cell_ID Nxt_Cell_ID hello_interval Tloc_update n tpassed ts dij (xi , yi , zi ) (xj , yj , zj ) avg_dnij d F_avg_dni d Unmanned aerial automobile Delay tolerant network Place estimation-based congestion-aware routing protocol Flying ad doc network Mobile ad hoc network Vehicular ad hoc network Location-aided delay tolerant routing p.