Ated that gastrointestinal epithelium-derived exosomes carry AMPs, which includes hBD-2 and cathelicidin-27 to participate in luminal defense systems against microbial pathogens (Hu et al., 2013).Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology www.frontiersin.orgJuly 2022 Volume ten ArticleMoeinabadi-Bidgoli et al.Anticancer Effects of MSCs-Derived AMPsMesenchymal stem cells communicate with the nearby and far cells via secreting exosomes that contain MSC-derived AMPs (Marrazzo et al., 2021). It’s elucidated that direct injection of stem cells in to the host might be linked with quite a few risks like teratoma and tumor formation, huge grafted cell death, vascular obstruction, and immune reaction. In contrast, exosome administration is virtually totally free of those hazards. In addition, exosomes could exert roughly exactly the same therapeutic impacts as their parent cells. It is believed that the therapeutic effects of MSCs are mostly as a result of their exosome CCL18 Proteins Gene ID secretion (Huang et al., 2017; Zhang H. et al., 2019; Takeuchi et al., 2019). Additionally, exosomes possess significantly advantageous properties like low immunogenicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, long-term storage capacity, and prolonged circulation time (Ma et al., 2017; Yousefi Dehbidi et al., 2021). These properties bring up exosomes as a fantastic tool for AMP delivery. Antimicrobial peptide-containing exosomes might be modified to induce more significant anti-neoplastic influences. A variety of chemotherapeutic drugs BMP-11/GDF-11 Proteins site including gemcitabine, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel had been loaded successfully into exosomes and demonstrated potent anticancer activity. So, as a future distinction, chemotherapy agents could possibly be loaded in MSCderived exosomes alongside AMP content material to market their antineoplastic impacts (Tian et al., 2014; Salarpour et al., 2019; Li et al., 2020). Exosomes could also be engineered to target tumor web sites, resulting in enhanced antitumor activity. Thinking of the truth that tumor cells express specific surface molecules, exosomes will have elevated delivery potency in to the tumor web page via conjugating tumor-targeting ligands on the exosome’s surface. In addition, TME possesses distinct characteristics including low pH (Jamshidifar et al., 2021). By incorporating distinct molecules into the exosome’s structure, they will be capable of release their cargo (such as AMPs) at a greater price within the acidic microenvironment with the TME and induce a lot more superb anti-neoplastic effects (Lee and Kim, 2019; Lin et al., 2019; Nie et al., 2020). Since MSC-derived exosomes include AMPs and possess anti-neoplastic activity through numerous mechanisms, AMP content material may possibly play a essential function in anticancer options of exosomes. Moreover, exosomes could be a perfect delivery tool for AMPs as they boost AMPs’ biocompatibility, circulation time, along with other biological yardsticks vital forsuccessful delivery and efficacy. Nonetheless, additional research are needed to elucidate the function of AMP-content of MSC-derived exosomes in their anticancer effects. The anti-neoplastic mechanisms of MSCs-derived AMPs, too as exosome delivery of these peptides to the cancer cells, are shown in Figure2.CONCLUSIONMesenchymal stem cells induce considerable anti-neoplastic effects by enhancing cancer cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In addition they reduce angiogenesis, multidrug resistance, and inflammation in the tumor microenvironment. Towards the very best of our expertise, MSCs also release some AMPs including LL-37, hepcidin.