ance, endocrine, energy metabolism, digestive program, protein production, cytoplasmic translation, and regulation (Supplementary Materials, Excels S3 and S4). The numbers of contracted gene families in genus CCR1 Purity & Documentation clades inside the phylogenetic tree have been higher than that the numbers of expanded genes. The numbers of contracted gene families in most species were lower, except for two related species of V. javana sp. 7 and sp. 2 and four taxa of Blastophaga (Figure 2a,b). For contracted gene households, the GO- and KEGG-enriched gene families in V. javana sp. 7 and sp. two were connected to amino acid metabolism, signal transduction, energy metabolism or carbohydrate metabolism, and also the nervous method, but the certain gene families and metabolic pathways (and, certainly, the proteins that they create) had been different (Supplementary Supplies, Excels S3 and S4). Four enzymes or gene families associated to protein synthesis (e.g., serine and threonine) enriched in KEGG had been shared in between B. sp.-F. abeli and B. sp.-F. pyriformis (Table 2; Supplementary Materials, Excel S4). Ribosome, valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis-related genes at the same time as neurodegenerative disease-related genes were shared amongst B. sp.-F. formosa and B. sp.-F. erecta var. beecheyana. No KEGG pathway was shared amongst the four taxa. three.5. Contraction of Genes Involved in Chemosensory It has been reported that some chemosensory gene households in fig wasps have experienced dramatic contractions in relation to other insects [6]. For that reason, we compared the numbers of genes in OBP, Or, CSP, Ir, and Gr families among fig wasps and other insect species (Table 3; Figure 3a,b). The numbers for OBPs and CSPs within the fig wasps have been 65 (14.7 7.4) and 128 (19.five six.six), while in other insects these figures wereInsects 2021, 12,11 of92 (30.7 21.2) and 91 (19 7.5); there have been no important variations in OBP and CSP numbers when comparing fig wasps with other insects (t-test: t = -1.966, p = 0.094; t = 0.165, p = 0.870). The numbers of genes for Or, Ir and Gr families in fig wasps were 208 (33.six 16.four), 62 (13.2 three.6), and 59 (ten.two 3.six), respectively, even though these on the other insects were 9481 (298.3 214.5), 290 (40.0 12.0), and 3943 (57.7 35.1); there have been significantly lower numbers of genes in every of those 3 sensory classes in fig wasps when in comparison to other insects (t = -3.262, p = 0.017; t = -5.86, p = 0.001; t = -4.931, p = 0.003).Table three. Numbers of OBP, Or, CSP, Ir, and Gr genes among 25 fig wasps and 7 other insect species. Species Valisia javana sp. 7 V. javana sp. 2 V. javana sp. eight V. esquirolianae V. javana sp. 1 V. medusa V. cf filippina V. malayana V. compacta V. sp.-F. langkokensis Platyscapa quadraticeps P. sp.-F. concinna P. sp.-F. rumphill Eupristina altissima Blastophaga sp.-F. abeli B. sp.-F. pyriformis B. sp.-F. formosa B. sp.-F. erecta var. beecheyana B. sp.-F. variolosa Ceratosolen appendiculatus C. fusciceps C. gravelyi C. solmsi C. ErbB4/HER4 Purity & Documentation constrictus Kradibia tentacularis Mean for 25 fig wasps SE Nasonia vitripennis Copidosoma floridanum Apis mellifera Polistes canadensis Acromyrmex echinatior Orussus abietinus Drosophila melanogaster Mean for seven other insects SE OBP 31 23 16 13 15 19 11 16 13 16 11 eight 6 7 11 11 9 12 29 14 10 11 9 12 35 14.72 7.45 62 47 21 11 17 9 48 30.72 21.16 Or 33 45 27 38 30 30 21 21 21 20 26 23 20 73 22 20 27 30 27 78 63 43 47 34 22 33.64 16.39 474 186 343 181 681 94 129 298.29 214.51 CSP 38 26 16 14 16 24 24 28 14 23 16 23 15 16 20 13 14 14 24 19 16 12