Onse through interaction with STING (Burdette et al., 2011; Jin et al., 2011; Sauer et al., 2011). Nlrc3-/- MEFs produced more IFN- and IL-6 proteins in response to transfected c-di-GMP (Figure 2A ). Additionally, Nlrc3-/- MEFs developed elevated IFN-I and IL-6 in response to infection with c-di-GMP producing L. monocytogenes (Figure 2C ). Improved IFN was also observed in Nlrc3-/- cells infected with an additional c-di-GMP producing bacteria, B. thaildensis (Figure 2F). Thus Nlrc3-deficiency leads to increased innate immune response to cytoplasmic DNA, c-di-GMP, and bacteria that produce c-di-GMP. NLRC3 inhibits the STING-dependent pathway Cytoplasmic DNA and c-di-GMP induce IFN-I via the STING molecule, which led us to examine each functional and molecular interactions between NLRC3 and STING (Burdette et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2012; Ouyang et al., 2012; Shang et al., 2012; Shu et al., 2012). To investigate if NLRC3 affects the STING pathway, we examined the effect of NLRC3 around the activation of IFN- promoter-luciferase by STING. This reporter assay was internally controlled by the co-transfection of a Renilla luciferase construct. NLRC3 inhibited IFN- Adenosine Receptor Antagonist Formulation promoter activation by STING by 9.72 fold. STING operates by interaction and activation of its downstream kinase, TBK1 (Tanaka and Chen, 2012). NLRC3 dramatically decreased IFN- promoter activation by TBK1. Having said that NLRC3 had no direct effect around the downstream interferon regulatory transcription factor three (IRF3), indicating that NLRC3 probably functions at the upstream STING-TBK level (Figure 3A). As a specificity control, another NLR, NLRP11, did not minimize IFN- promoter activation by TBK1 (Figure 3B). NLRC3 also inhibited a second promoter driven by the canonical interferon-stimulated responsive element (ISRE), which is identified to be activated by STING and TBK1 (Ishikawa and Barber, 2008; Zhong et al., 2008) (Figure 3C). Even so NLRC3 had no impact around the activation of your ISRE promoter by mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) (also known as interferon-beta promoter stimulator 1 (IPS-1), virus-induced signaling CD73 Storage & Stability adapter (VISA) and CARD adaptor inducing IFN- (CARDIF)), which is critical for RNA sensing, nor did it have an effect on promoter activation by the downstream IRF3 (Figure 3C). Also, NLRC3 inhibited NF-B promoter activated by STING, and reduced MAVS activation slightly but didn’t have an effect on retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I)(Figure 3D). We also observed that NLRC3 inhibited c-di-GMP and poly(dA:dT)-induced ISRE activation (Figure 3E). These experiments indicate that the predominant impact of NLRC3 is on the STING pathway. As an further specificity handle for NLR proteins, overexpression of NLRC5, which has been reported to inhibit many innate immune pathways when tested in an overexpression program (Cui et al., 2010) did not inhibit STING or TBK1-induced ISRE activation (Figure 3F). These experiments suggest that NLRC3 down-regulates innate immunity brought on by STING and TBK1.Immunity. Author manuscript; obtainable in PMC 2015 March 20.Zhang et al.PageNLRC3 associates with STING and TBK1 and alters the STING-TBK1 interaction right after stimulationNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptTo explore the mechanism by which NLRC3 interferes with STING and TBK1 function, we tested if NLRC3 interacts with STING and/or TBK1. Transient transfection and co-immunoprecipitation followed by immunoblot showed that HA-NLRC3 strongly associated with Flag-STIN.