Eneral linear models adjusted for season of blood collection, country, qualities (gender, BMI, smoking status), serum cholesterol, dietary intake (fruit, vegetables, juice, French fries, and meat), and use of vitamin supplements; partial Eta squared ( p 2 ) was applied as a measure of impact size. Statistically significant differences had been deemed to be present at p 0.05. The greatest statistically important variations of biomarkers with higher age are presented as box plots and scatter plots together with the Cleveland’s LOWESS smoothing line. All statistical analyses were carried out working with SPSS software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA; Version 11.five). 3. Results A total of 2118 female and male subjects from six distinct European nations with a mean age of 55 (range 354) years had been studied for demographic qualities, dietary habits, and plasma carotenoids, tocopherols, and retinol (Table 1). Subjects inside the higher age groups had been shorter (p 0.001), though weight was related all through the age groups; as a result, the mean BMI as well because the prevalence of overweight and obesity were higher in the higher age groups. In addition, subjects within the larger age groups were significantly less likely to become existing smokers. The evaluation of frequencies of reported intake of fruit, vegetables, and use of vitamin supplements (assessed by chi-squared test, Table 2) revealed the following: intake of fruit (1 serving/ day) and vegetables (1 serving/day) have been greater in females than in guys (72 vs. 56 , and 69 vs. 51 , for fruit and vegetables, respectively, each p 0.001) as well as in non-smokers in comparison with smokers (68 vs. 47 and 62 vs. 50 , for fruit and vegetables, respectively, both p 0.001). The identical is true for the frequencies of reported use of vitamin supplements (1 supplement/week) which have been also larger in ladies than in guys (22 vs. 17 , p = 0.002) and in non-smokers compared to smokers (21 vs. 15 , p = 0.019).Nutrients 2016, eight,five ofTable 1. Qualities from the study population by age groups (n = 2118).Age group (years) n Age (years) Male ( , (n))354 2118 55.1 11 49 (1042) 19 (402) 31 (654) 50 (1062) 169 9.5 75 15 26.1 four.five 45 (956) 38 (802) 17 (360) 18 (384) 12 (255) 16 (346) 18 (379) 18 (383) 18 (371)359 228 37.1 1.four 49 (111) 23 (53) 23 (52) 54 (123) 172 10 74 17 24.8 4.3 57 (131) 29 (65) 14 (32) 21 (48) 6 (13) 11 (26) 19 (43) 22 (49) 21 (49)404 244 41.9 1.5 47 (116) 23 (57) 17 (42) 60 (145) 171 10 74 15 25.two four.9 57 (138) 32 (79) 11 (27) 21 (50) 7 (18) 14 (35) 21 (50) 20 (49) 17 (42)459 265 47.1 1.4 47 (125) 24 (64) 28 (74) 48 (127) 171 9.Cyclophilin A Protein supplier 4 74 15 25.Apolipoprotein E/APOE Protein Storage & Stability three 4.PMID:24456950 0 52 (139) 37 (96) 11 (30) 19 (50) 12 (31) 18 (48) 17 (46) 18 (48) 16 (42)504 276 51.9 1.four 49 (134) 22 (60) 34 (93) 44 (123) 170 eight.eight 75 15 26.0 4.6 48 (132) 35 (97) 17 (47) 17 (47) 14 (38) 17 (46) 19 (53) 18 (50) 15 (42)559 273 56.9 1.5 49 (133) 24 (65) 30 (83) 46 (125) 168 9.1 75 16 26.four four.six 45 (123) 36 (99) 19 (51) 17 (46) 14 (39) 17 (47) 16 (44) 18 (48) 18 (49)604 289 62.1 1.four 54 (155) 17 (50) 42 (120) 41 (119) 168 8.9 76 15 26.9 4.5 37 (108) 42 (120) 21 (61) 17 (50) 14 (40) 17 (50) 17 (48) 16 (47) 19 (54)659 268 66.eight 1.4 50 (133) 9 (24) 34 (92) 57 (152) 167 9.two 76 13 27.2 four.three 34 (92) 46 (124) 20 (52) 18 (48) 13 (36) 18 (47) 16 (44) 18 (48) 17 (45)704 275 72.two 1.5 49 (135) 10 (29) 36 (98) 54 (148) 166 8.9 75 12 27.0 four.0 34 (93) 44 (122) 22 (59) 16 (45) 14 (40) 17 (47) 19 (51) 16 (44) 18 (48) p 0.001 0.876 0.001 0.001 0.594 0.001 0.Smoker, existing ( , (n)) Smoker, former ( , (n)) Smoker, never ever (.