Proteins are required for cell survival. Normally, GRP78 binds PERK, IRE1 and ATF6 and inhibits their activation in non-stressed cells [33]. When unfolded proteins in the ER lumen reach a critical level, GRP78 disassociates from PERK, IRE1aand ATF6 to bind the unfolded protein to prevent its aggregation [34], [35]. In this study, we showed that …
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